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This book provides unique contributions from field experts and from the International Precipitation Working Group (IPWG). 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It imparts expertise on the devices that is normally restricted by proprietary interests of a few specialists. Then it goes on to illustrate the main differences between European and American Standards, examine the output of the principle laboratories globally engaged in testing anti-seismic devices, and to describe state-of-art technologies to retrofit seismically existing buildings. 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While today few science students go on to careers that demand an ability to design and build electronic circuits, many will use and rely on electronics. As scientists, they will require an appropriate level of fundamental knowledge that enables them, for example, to understand what electronic equipment is doing, to correctly interpret the measurements obtained, and to appreciate the numerous links between electronics and how it is practiced, and other areas of science. Discussing electronics in the broader context and from the point of view of the scientist, this book is intended for students who are not planning to become electronics specialists. It has been written in a relatively informal, personal style and includes detailed examples, as well as some “outside the box” material to inspire thought and creativity. 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Therefore, special emphasis is placed on beam energy, beam current, electron detector characteristics and controls, and ancillary techniques such as energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).With 13 years between the publication of the third and fourth editions, new coverage reflects the many improvements in the instrument and analysis techniques. The SEM has evolved into a powerful and versatile characterization platform in which morphology, elemental composition, and crystal structure can be evaluated simultaneously. Extension of the SEM into a \u0026amp;quote;dual beam\u0026amp;quote; platform incorporating bothelectron and ion columns allows precision modification of the specimen by focused ion beam milling. New coverage in the Fourth Edition includes the increasing use of field emission guns and SEM instruments with high resolution capabilities, variable pressure SEM operation, theory, and measurement of x-rays with high throughput silicon drift detector (SDD-EDS) x-ray spectrometers. In addition to powerful vendor- supplied software to support data collection and processing, the microscopist can access advanced capabilities available in free, open source software platforms, including the National Institutes of Health (NIH) ImageJ-Fiji for image processing and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) DTSA II for quantitative EDS x-ray microanalysis and spectral simulation, both of which are extensively used in this work. However, the user has a responsibility to bring intellect, curiosity, and a proper skepticism to information on a computer screen and to the entire measurement process. This book helps you to achieve this goal.Realigns the text with the needs of a diverse audience from researchers and graduate students to SEM operators and technical managersEmphasizes practical, hands-on operation of the microscope, particularly user selection of the critical operating parameters to achieve meaningful resultsProvides step-by-step overviews of SEM, EDS, and EBSD and checklists of critical issues for SEM imaging, EDS x-ray microanalysis, and EBSD crystallographic measurementsMakes extensive use of open source software: NIH ImageJ-FIJI for image processing and NIST DTSA II for quantitative EDS x-ray microanalysis and EDS spectral simulation.Includes case studies to illustrate practical problem solvingCovers Helium ion scanning microscopyOrganized into relatively self-contained modules - no need to \u0026amp;quote;read it all\u0026amp;quote; to understand a topicIncludesan online supplement-an extensive \u0026amp;quote;Database of Electron-Solid Interactions\u0026amp;quote;-which can be accessed on SpringerLink, in Chapter 3\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53573373559063,"sku":null,"price":11198.24,"currency_code":"INR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0679\/6918\/8119\/files\/9781493966769.jpg?v=1782388982"},{"product_id":"springer-theses-9783031362200","title":"Springer Theses","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis book explores the Higgs boson and its interactions with fermions, as well as the detector technologies used to measure it. The Standard Model of Particle Physics has been a groundbreaking theory in our understanding of the fundamental properties of the universe, but it is incomplete, and there are significant hints which require new physics. The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 was a substantial confirmation of the Standard Model, but many of its decay modes remain elusive. This book presents the latest search for Higgs boson decays into c-quarks using a proton-proton collision dataset collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This decay mode has yet to be observed and requires advanced machine learning algorithms to identify c-quarks in the experiment. The results provide an upper limit on the rate of Higgs boson decays to c-quarks and a direct measurement of the Higgs boson coupling strength to c-quarks. The book also discusses the future of particle physics and the need for significant improvements to the detector to cope with increased radiation damage and higher data rates at the High-Luminosity LHC. It presents the characterization of the ATLAS pixel detector readout chip for the inner detector upgrade (ITk). The chip was subjected to irradiations using X-rays and protons to simulate the radiation environment at the HL-LHC. The tests showed that all readout chip components, including the digital logic and analogue front-end, are sufficiently radiation-tolerant to withstand the expected radiation dose. Finally, this book describes monolithic pixel detectors as a possible technology for future pixel detectors. 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The first half of this document studies aspects of low-energy physics that govern the operation of particle detectors, limit their performance, and guide the development of novel instrumentation. To formalise these aspects, classical electrodynamics is used to derive a general description of the formation of electrical signals in detectors, and ideas from quantum mechanics are applied to the study of charge avalanche amplification in semiconductors. These results lead to a comprehensive analytical characterisation of the time resolution and the efficiency of single-photon avalanche diodes, and isolate the most important design variables. They also reveal the applicability of these devices in precision timing detectors for charged particles, which is experimentally verified in a high-energy hadron beam. Large detector systems at hadron colliders probe fundamental physics at the energy frontier. 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The data collected by the CMS experiment in the so-called Run-II data-taking period of the LHC are used to produce an extensive set of results that test in detail the predictions of the Standard Model. Given the remarkable predictive power of the SM when including the Higgs boson, possible new physics will require even more extensive studies at higher statistics. A massive upgrade of the detectors is necessary to maintain the current physics performance in the harsh environment of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project, expected to start by the end of 2027. The CMS Collaboration will replace the current endcap calorimeters with a High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL). The HGCAL will be the very first large-scale silicon-based imaging calorimeter ever employed in ahigh-energy physics experiment. This book presents the results of the analysis of the test beam data collected with the first large-scale prototype of the HGCAL. 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It also delves into the Nyquist-Shannon theorem and the basics of digital electronics, emphasizing state-sensitive and clock-sensitive operators. Additionally, it offers an overview of electronic devices facilitating analog-to-digital conversion.The book concludes by examining scenarios involving high frequencies where wires act as waveguides and addressing noise sources from thermal agitation and the corpuscular nature of current. 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In this updated edition, author Clement Ogaja focuses on fundamentals and contents that will remain unaffected by rapid changes and data exchange formats, ensuring that the book will remain up to date for years.The book consists of five chapters. The first covers basic concepts of parameter estimation in GNSS Geodesy. From there, Chapter 2 discusses reference systems in GNSS Geodesy. Chapter 3 moves on to observation models, errors, and biases, and Chapter 4, which is completely new to this second edition, details GNSS data processing workflow and strategies. The book concludes with an applied chapter that details concrete uses of GNSS Geodesy. 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Over fifty years ago, physicists predicted that neutrinos, such as those from supernova or nuclear reactors, could fission heavy nuclei. This “new way to split the atom” could serve as an exciting new way to observe low-energy neutrinos and would also play an important role in the creation of heavy nuclei in neutrino-rich astrophysical environments—for instance, in the R-process for nucleosynthesis. The challenge in detecting this interaction and thus confirming its existence was twofold: the neutrino interacts only rarely; and the targets of interest must be fissionable, and therefore already produce large radioactive backgrounds. This landmark thesis describes the inception, design, construction, and operation of the first measurement of neutrino-induced fission and the presentation of the first exciting results from the work. It is the first measurement of neutrino-induced fission and the first measurement of a neutrino cross-section on an unstable nucleus. 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Subsequently, the intricate structure of precipitation systems is elucidated, aiding readers in comprehending the mesoscale and synoptic characteristics of precipitation organization. The book concludes with a section on precipitation observation and measurements, which examines various sensors, such as gauges, radars, satellites, and platforms. These networks enable access to global precipitation data for meteorology and climate analysis. Designed to meet the needs of graduate and PhD students in fields such as geophysics, meteorology, climate science, hydrology, environmental sciences, water management, and geography, this book is also valuable for researchers and professionals from diverse disciplines who require a solid understanding of precipitation products for their work. 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A major limitation to this application, as well as any other relying on the complete quantum control of complex polyatomic molecules, is that fully understanding them remains a research frontier. This thesis represents several major steps toward the goal of quantum control in complex molecules, including tailored laser-driven chemistry to enhance their production, high-resolution spectroscopy to understand their structure, including the critical role of symmetry, and successful implementation of coherent quantum control. 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Using examples of calibration and detailed critical analysis of the certificates, the book explores metrology and measurement uncertainty, both concepts and applications; mathematical foundations, statistical tools, techniques, practices, and the operational procedures that make up metrology. 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In the hope of seeing a discrepancy with the SM's predictions, this work discusses two hitherto unforeseen measurements at the frontier of experimental precision: a measurement of W-boson mass and a test of the fundamental axiom of the W boson's lepton flavour universality (LFU). Both measurements are made by analysing collision data from the LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, and represent the establishment of a new field of high-precision Standard Model tests with LHCb. This book also describes the development of new software tools for the optimisation of the LHCb trigger system, which helps to ensure that LHCb's exciting physics program can continue to prosper into the future. 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